> It's the title of one of Max Weber's books

Yeah, one of his essays in a collection at least.

Here is the text to look at, fwiw:
"Theorie der Stufen und Richtungen religiöser Weltablehnung"
http://www.china1900.info/gedanken/weberstudie/zwischenbetrachtung.htm

Very dense stuff(!), principally to do with the triumph of the mind over matter, i.e. becoming enlightened ("Triumph des Geistes über den Körper”). Here an excerpt from the end:

"Die einzelnen weltablehnenden Erlösungsethiken der Vergangenheit setzten nun jede mit ihrer Weltablehnung an höchst verschiedenen Stellen dieser rein rational konstruierten Skala ein."

I'd render that:
The various "world-rejecting" ethics of redemption of the past now approached their disaffirmation of the world from entirely different positions along this utterly rational scale system.

BTW, the word “Weltablehnung” is unknown outside this philosophical subject matter.