It would be good to know a couple examples of specific context. I understand that you're not looking for 'stripped of meaning' in a religious context, but for something stripped of meaning in a cultural context. Your 'robbed of meaning' is good.

Can you give a couple of examples of what in the culture that you've been thinking about that have been robbed of meaning? Very interesting question! And the responses are terrific! The only thing I thought of immediately was simply 'lost all meaning.' But 'stripped of meaning' and 'robbed of meaning' are both clear images. Context will help a lot. Thanks.