Dear Verlangen:
We have a problem. A oart used for the whole is:
Synecdoche
n.
5LME, altered (infl. by L) < synodoche < ML sinodoche, for L synecdoche < Gr synekdochc, lit., a receiving together < synekdechesthai, to receive together < syn3, together + ekdechesthai, to receive < ek3, from + dechesthai, to receive < IE base *dea3 > DECENT6 a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or the reverse of any of these (Ex.: bread for food, the army for a soldier, or copper for a penny)
syn[ec[doch[ic 7sin#ek d9k4ik8 or syn#ec[doch$i[cal

Right off hand, I cannot remember what is the opposite to synecdoche, I'll try to look it up.

Here is very good URL about rhetoric. Takes a while to navigate it, but lot of good stuff in it.
Many,many terms defined. But no way to go from definition back to name of the term.

http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm