There have been lots of attempts to anwer the communications problem in works of fiction.

One of the most readable was that of C.S. Lewis, who was a professional philologist, a theologian by avocation. In the first book of his sci-fi trilogy, Out of the Silent Planet, his hero, Ransom, has to learn the language of the inhabitants of another planet which turns out to be Mars. Ransom is also a philologist and works it out on philological principles. Quite interesting. In the second of the series, Perelandra, he carries this a bit further and posits a theory that there is an original language common to the entire universe.