In the Navy that was referred to as phonetic spelling and the alphabet as the phonetice alphabet. That and $5.00 will get you a cup of coffee at the next linguists convention.

Alfa
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Echo
Foxtrot
Golf
Hotel
India
Juliet
Kilo
Lima
Mike
November
Oscar
Papa
Quebec
Romeo
Sierra
Tango
Uniform
Victor
Whiskey
X-ray
Yankee
Zulu