From http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hubris :

1884, from Gk. hybris "wanton violence, insolence, outrage," originally "presumption toward the gods," of unknown origin.

wiktionary adds an interesting twist:
From Ancient Greek ὕβρις (hybris), “‘insolence, sexual outrage’”).


This guy has an interesting commentary attributing the word's first known use in English to a teacher describing his students.
http://podictionary.com/?p=258