I agree with Faldage. Cardinal numbers refer to the size of a set (the technical name for the number of things in a set is the 'cardinality'), or a position in a set, regardless of whether they are written in mathematical notation or English. Wikipedia agrees.

I don't know what general term describes the catergory of word's including primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. It's like ordinality in that it expresses order - order of importance or effect.

I found the following:
http://www.livejournal.com/community/linguaphiles/497940.html
in which someone recalls their being called 'iteratives.'

k