Yes, Japanese seems to be the archetypical case, but, as you suggest, it's not just pronominal. Japanese has many dual sets of words, one for mine and the other for thine. Okusan is somebody else's wife, but nyobo is my wife. Murakami has written novels in which the narrator is only known as boku 'I'. This pronoun is used amongst young males. Needless to say, it's hard to translate. Here's a list of first person pronouns I found online:

- Sessha (used by samurai, extremely polite)
- Watakushi (very polite, usually feminine)
- Watashi (standard/polite)
- Oira (used by monks)
- Atashi (female casual)
- Boku (mostly young male, also the poetic first person)
- Ore (almost exclusively male, somewhat rude, male "cool")