metameta,
I'd love to know a word for your first question, but I think you'll have to coin it.

As Max said, transliteration is indeed moving the phonetics from one alphabet (or idiogramography[??]) to another.... which is why we in the "West" for so long mispronounced (and still do) Chinese names and place-names, for example... the transliteraters were, shall we say, sloppy.

..and yes, please do a search on our inimitable spell-checker, Ænigma. An entity unto itself, without peer.