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Envy and jealousy are frequently used as synonyms in conversational English. They are, in some usages, remarkably close in meaning, but distinguishable.
Jealous derives from zealous, which derives from the Late Latin "zelus" which arrived on England's shores via the Old French "gelos" and became the Middle English "jelous."
The connection between jealousy and zeal is most apparent in the Greek zeloo and zeleuo and zelos are variously translated as either "zealous" or "jealous." These terms are used in both positive and negative senses, e.g. sometimes it is a good thing to be zealous for God or for justice or for peace but a bad thing to harbour feelings of jealousy. The Authorized (or King James) Version of the Bible makes this difficult in that it sometimes describes God as jealous -- that is, filled with zeal for His people.
Envy derives from the Latin invidia which, via the Old French, became "envie" in Middle English.
Too many distinctions without support are offered in too many authoritative prescriptive sources. An attempt to follow them all would lead on to eschew the use of either word ever.
By far the simplest and best explanation I can offer treats these terms as moral categories [so what did you expect from somebody who teaches ethics and moral theology?].
I would suggest that jealousy is about what is mine and envy is about what is yours.
To be jealous is to fear that you have designs on my possessions, or on things that I fancy as rightfully mine, or that are now in your possession but were formerly mine, or that I thought ought to be mine.
To envy you is to experience resentment and discontent arising from your achievements, advantages or possessions. Some wag once said that "envy is the art of counting the other fellow's blessings."
For more than you ever wanted to know about the distinction, see Saint Cyprian at http://listserv.american.edu/catholic/church/fathers/cyprian/cyp-jeal.txt
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Carpal Tunnel
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I would suggest that jealousy is about what is mine and envy is about what is yours.
Well put, Father Steve!
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Carpal Tunnel
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Thank you, Father Steve.
Delighted you are back!
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So, can Gatsby be given due credit for the resurrection of Father Steve?
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Gatsby inquires: "Can Gatsby be given due credit for the resurrection of Father Steve?"
And the Vicar himself responds: "No, both wow and Jackie sent me e-mail saying that my presence was required on the board and I can deny neither of them anything."
Sorry to have been away more than present. Both of my jobs are taxing, at present, and my love life, while not properly "taxing" is paying great dividends as our wedding day grows nearer. I've also been on the road teaching a bit here and there; more of that coming up in the next two months. [Insert "sigh" emoticon here.]
The Old Padre
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Father Steve says : "our wedding day grows nearer"
Felicitations, Padre!
Mayhap you will post a photo of the Bride and Bridegroom on Max's idrive ?
Meanwhile : deeeeep breaths.
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Father Steve says Both of my jobs are taxing, at presentDoes that mean you work as a mole for the IRS in both the judiciary and the church? Hey, things are really looking up!  I hope all goes well on your wedding day and that you have as much fun on yours as I did on mine. If Washington wasn't so far off the track I intend to beat across the States, I'd come up there and throw rice at you! 
The idiot also known as Capfka ...
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Is it just me, or does it strike anyone else as...ironic... that our man of the cloth would announce his nuptials on a thread called "Deadly Sin" under "jealousy and envy"? Welcome back, Fr. Steve: Wishing you every happiness on your upcoming wedding!
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