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Aristotle on Rhetoric
Now, the framers of the current treatises on rhetoric have
constructed but a small portion of that art. The modes of persuasion
are the only true constituents of the art: everything else is merely
accessory. These writers, however, say nothing about enthymemes, which
are the substance of rhetorical persuasion, but deal mainly with
non-essentials.
enthymeme
n.
L enthymema < Gr enthymcma < enthymeisthai, to consider, reflect upon < en3, in + thymos, mind < IE *dhdmos < base *dheu3 > DULL6 Logic a syllogism in which one of the premises or the conclusion is not expressed but implied
en#thy[me[mat4ic 730! mc mat4ik8
adj.
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Take a look at Aristotle's rhetoric. He gives a long list of type of enthymemes, various constructions of syllogisms arranged so that part is left out. It's been a long time since I looked at his impressive list, but I wonder who out there follows these kinds of persuasive constructions on purpose? I'd love to see a book that examines each of Aristotle's examples of enthymemes--a book that gives many contemporary examples of these uses. It would be something useful to study.
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"In a political debate the
man who is forming a judgement is making a decision about his own
vital interests. There is no need, therefore, to prove anything except
that the facts are what the supporter of a measure maintains they are.
In forensic oratory this is not enough; to conciliate the listener
is what pays here.
conciliate
vt.
3at#ed, 3at#ing 5< L conciliatus, pp. of conciliare, to bring together, win over < concilium, COUNCIL6
1 to win over; soothe the anger of; make friendly; placate
2 to gain (regard, good will, etc.) by friendly acts
3 [Archaic] to reconcile; make consistent
—SYN PACIFY
con[cil$i[a[ble
adj.
con[cil#i[a$tion
n.
con[cil$i[a#tor
n.
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"The enthymeme is a sort of syllogism, and the
consideration of syllogisms of all kinds, without distinction, is
the business of dialectic, either of dialectic as a whole or of one of
its branches.
dialectic E dialetik < OFr dialetique < L dialectica (ars) < Gr dialektikc (technc), the dialectic (art) < dialektikos: see DIALECT6
1 [often pl.] the art or practice of examining opinions or ideas logically, often by the method of question and answer, so as to determine their validity
2 logical argumentation
3 [often pl.]
a) the method of logic used by Hegel and adapted by Marx to observable social and economic processes: it is based on the principle that an idea or event (thesis) generates its opposite (antithesis), leading to a reconciliation of opposites (synthesis) b) the general application of this principle in analysis, criticism, exposition, etc.
adj.
DIALECTICAL
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" Furthermore, it is plain that it is
the function of one and the same art to discern the real and the
apparent means of persuasion, just as it is the function of
dialectic to discern the real and the apparent syllogism. What makes a
man a 'sophist is not his faculty, but his moral purpose.
sophist
n.
L sophista < Gr sophistcs, wise man: see prec.6
1 [often S3] in ancient Greece, any of a group of teachers of rhetoric, politics, philosophy, etc., some of whom were notorious for their clever, specious arguments
2 any person practicing clever, specious reasoning
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