Centurion, certainly.
>is this word used at all except in a historical context?


I've heard it used for a job role, of all things - the idea being that it represented somebody who was responsible for 100 people. Naturally these centurions were never ever responsible for exactly 100 people (and, of course, an original centurion was one of 100 anyway).

However, that's the only occasion I've heard the word used outside a Roman context. Other than on Battlestar Galactica